The primordial atmosphere on earth was considerably different from that which currently exists. The present atmospheric gases are composed primarily of molecular nitrogen (N2, about 78%) and molecular oxygen (O2, almost 21%), with a small amount of water vapor (H2O about 1% at sea level and about 0.4% on average throughout the entire atmosphere), as well as much smaller amounts of argon (Ar, almost 0.1%), carbon dioxide (CO2, about 0.04%) and many other gases, such as helium (He), methane (CH4), neon (Ne), and nitrous oxide (N2O) which is more commonly called laughing gas. These last gases occur in only trace amounts. Water vapor is a greenhouse gas, as are carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. The concentration of water vapor increases as the average temperature of the earth’s atmosphere increases. The concentration of nitrous oxide in the atmosphere increases due to agriculture (from farm animals and fertilizer), fossil fuel combustion. And sewage.

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The primordial atmosphere on earth was considerably different from that
which currently exists. The present atmospheric gases are composed primarily
of molecular nitrogen (N2, about 78%) and molecular oxygen (O2, almost 21%),
with a small amount of water vapor (H2O about 1% at sea level and about 0.4%
on average throughout the entire atmosphere), as well as much smaller amounts
of argon (Ar, almost 0.1%), carbon dioxide (CO2, about 0.04%) and many other
gases, such as helium (He), methane (CH4), neon (Ne), and nitrous oxide (N2O)
which is more commonly called laughing gas. These last gases occur in only
trace amounts. Water vapor is a greenhouse gas, as are carbon dioxide, methane,
and nitrous oxide. The concentration of water vapor increases as the average
temperature of the earth’s atmosphere increases. The concentration of nitrous
oxide in the atmosphere increases due to agriculture (from farm animals and
fertilizer), fossil fuel combustion. And sewage.

earth’s crust

The composition of today’s atmosphere differs markedly from that found
here when life was just beginning to evolve. At that time, the atmosphere
contained far more hydrogen, and unlike now, there was very little oxygen. In
such an atmosphere, the nitrogen probably combined with hydrogen, forming
ammonia (NH3); the oxygen was probably found combined with hydrogen in
the form of water vapor (H2O), and the carbon occurred primarily as methane
(CH4). The moderately high temperatures of the earth’s crust continually
evaporated liquid water from rain into water vapor. As the earth cooled,
rainwater accumulated in low-lying areas. These rains also washed dissolved
minerals into the bodies of water, which depending on size and salinity, are
defined either as lakes, seas, or oceans. In addition, volcanic activity erupting
in the oceans and on land brought other minerals to the earth’s surface, many
of which eventually accumulated in the oceans, such as the various types
of salts. It should also be mentioned that long before there was any life on
earth, the seas contained large amounts of the simple organic compound
methane. Most of the compounds necessary for the development of the initial
stages of life are thought to have existed in these early seas.

Other studies
have indicated that suitable environments for the first steps leading to living
material could have existed elsewhere as well. But these environments are still poorly understood, and their potential connection with the origin of life is
unclear. It was only after cyanobacteria evolved over 2 billion years ago and
later algae and more modern plants that the concentration of atmospheric
oxygen began to increase precipitously.

In the early twentieth century, J.B.S. Haldane, a scientist who was born in
Britain and died in India, and S.I. Oparin, a Russian biochemist, investigated
how life could have evolved from the inorganic compounds that occurred on
earth billions of years ago. Their work is credited with leading to important later
advances, most prominent of which were Stanley Miller’s experiments during
the 1950s. Miller duplicated the chemical conditions of the early oceans and
atmosphere and provided an energy source, in the form of electric sparks, which
generated chemical reactions. When warm water and gases containing the compounds presumed to be found in the early oceans and in the earth’s primordial
atmosphere were subjected to sparks for about a week, organic compounds
formed.

Experiments that followed, such as those performed by Melvin Calvin and
Sydney Fox (both American), found important so-called building blocks of life,
the amino acids that make up proteins, readily form under circumstances similar
to those that were first established experimentally by Stanley Miller

The thin film of water found on the microscopic particles that make clay has
been shown to possess the proper conditions for important chemical reactions.
Clays serve as a support and as a catalyst for the diversity of organic molecules
involved in what we define as living processes. Ever since J. Desmond Bernal
presented (during the late 1940s) his ideas concerning the importance of clays
to the origin of life, additional prebiotic scenarios involving clay have been proposed. Clays store energy, transform it, and release it in the form of chemical
energy that can operate chemical reactions. Clays also have the capacity to act
as buffers and even as templates. A.G. Cairns-Smith analyzed the microscopic
crystals of various metals that grew in association with clays and found that they
had continually repeating growth patterns. He suggested that this could have
been related to the original templates on which certain molecules reproduced
themselves. Cairns-Smith and A. Weiss both suggest clays might have been the
first templates for self-replicating systems

prebiotic scenarios是什么

Clays store energy, transform it, and release it in the form of chemical
energy that can operate chemical reactions. Clays also have the capacity to act
as buffers and even as templates. A.G. Cairns-Smith analyzed the microscopic
crystals of various metals that grew in association with clays and found that they
had continually repeating growth patterns. He suggested that this could have
been related to the original templates on which certain molecules reproduced
themselves. Cairns-Smith and A. Weiss both suggest clays might have been the
first templates for self-replicating systems

Some researchers believe that through the mutation and selection of such
simple molecular systems, the clay acting as template may eventually have been
replaced by other molecules. And in time, instead of merely encoding information for a rote transcription of a molecule, some templates may have been able
to encode stored information that would transcribe specific molecules under
certain circumstances.