请参考chemical reviews期刊的学术语言风格将以下文本翻译成英文：摘要: 二萜类(diterpenoid)是由4个异戊二烯单位构成、含20个碳原子的化合物类群。半日花烷为一种主要的二萜骨架类型。半日花烷型二萜是一类以十氢萘为母核的二环二萜类化合物，许多这一类别的化合物具有较好的生物学活性，如穿心莲内酯、毛喉花素等。有较好的抗肿瘤、抗癌等活性。本文根据国内外已报道文献总结了半日花烷型二萜的主要植物来源、生物活性等信息，为含半日花烷型二萜的植物资源深度开发和其抗性研究开发提供了参考方向。 关键词: 半日花烷型；二萜；药理活性；结构 二萜类化合物的研究始于1824年，化学家从裸子植物中分离出第一个二萜化合物---树脂酸，经过一百多年的发展，1953年获得了第一个二萜化合物的平面结构。1971年发现了第一个具有抗肿瘤活性的二萜化合物---紫杉醇。随着近代新的、更高效的分离及分析手段的开发及应用，迄今已有100多种二萜骨架的数万种二萜类化合物被分离及鉴别。半日花烷型二萜是一类以十氢萘为母核的二环二萜类化合物，许多这一类别的化合物具有较好的生物学活性，如穿心莲内酯、毛喉花素等。 半日花烷型二萜类化合物在自然界广泛存在，如唇形科、蔷薇科、姜科、马鞭草科、爵床科、杉科等植物中，许多化合物具有良好的生物活性，如抗氧化、松弛血管、保护心脏、抗炎、治疗糖尿病及其并发症等作用。近年来，研究发现真菌转化获得的半日花烷型二萜成分还具有杀血吸虫活性的作用。曾有文献对其进行报道[1]。本文将结合近十年研究成果，从半日花烷型二萜类化合物的结构类型、植物来源、生物活性等方面综述其研究进展，为系统地研究半日花烷型二萜类化合物结构，及基于半日花烷型二萜类化合物的新药发现和药物设计提供参考。 1化学结构研究 半日花烷型二萜是一类母核内含有十氢萘结构单元的二环二萜类化合物，其基本骨架结构见图1。半日花烷型二萜的母核 A／B环为反式稠合 ，A、B环为船式构象 ，根据 C-9 位侧链环合的方式可分为 C-9 侧链链状型、呋喃环型、单螺环型、双螺环型4类[2]。半日花烷源于拢牛儿基拢牛儿醇二磷酸酯的环合，半日花烷大量存在，二萜也分布较广，许多二萜的含氧衍生物具有多方面的生物活性，如紫杉醇，穿心莲内酯等。近年来研究发现了从不同植物中分离出来一些新的半日花烷型二萜。
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请参考chemical reviews期刊的学术语言风格将以下文本翻译成英文：摘要: 二萜类(diterpenoid)是由4个异戊二烯单位构成、含20个碳原子的化合物类群。半日花烷为一种主要的二萜骨架类型。半日花烷型二萜是一类以十氢萘为母核的二环二萜类化合物，许多这一类别的化合物具有较好的生物学活性，如穿心莲内酯、毛喉花素等。有较好的抗肿瘤、抗癌等活性。本文根据国内外已报道文献总结了半日花烷型二萜的主要植物来源、生物活性等信息，为含半日花烷型二萜的植物资源深度开发和其抗性研究开发提供了参考方向。
关键词: 半日花烷型；二萜；药理活性；结构
二萜类化合物的研究始于1824年，化学家从裸子植物中分离出第一个二萜化合物---树脂酸，经过一百多年的发展，1953年获得了第一个二萜化合物的平面结构。1971年发现了第一个具有抗肿瘤活性的二萜化合物---紫杉醇。随着近代新的、更高效的分离及分析手段的开发及应用，迄今已有100多种二萜骨架的数万种二萜类化合物被分离及鉴别。半日花烷型二萜是一类以十氢萘为母核的二环二萜类化合物，许多这一类别的化合物具有较好的生物学活性，如穿心莲内酯、毛喉花素等。
半日花烷型二萜类化合物在自然界广泛存在，如唇形科、蔷薇科、姜科、马鞭草科、爵床科、杉科等植物中，许多化合物具有良好的生物活性，如抗氧化、松弛血管、保护心脏、抗炎、治疗糖尿病及其并发症等作用。近年来，研究发现真菌转化获得的半日花烷型二萜成分还具有杀血吸虫活性的作用。曾有文献对其进行报道[1]。本文将结合近十年研究成果，从半日花烷型二萜类化合物的结构类型、植物来源、生物活性等方面综述其研究进展，为系统地研究半日花烷型二萜类化合物结构，及基于半日花烷型二萜类化合物的新药发现和药物设计提供参考。
1化学结构研究
半日花烷型二萜是一类母核内含有十氢萘结构单元的二环二萜类化合物，其基本骨架结构见图1。半日花烷型二萜的母核 A／B环为反式稠合 ，A、B环为船式构象 ，根据 C-9 位侧链环合的方式可分为 C-9 侧链链状型、呋喃环型、单螺环型、双螺环型4类[2]。半日花烷源于拢牛儿基拢牛儿醇二磷酸酯的环合，半日花烷大量存在，二萜也分布较广，许多二萜的含氧衍生物具有多方面的生物活性，如紫杉醇，穿心莲内酯等。近年来研究发现了从不同植物中分离出来一些新的半日花烷型二萜。
Abstract: Diterpenoids are a group of compounds consisting of four isoprene units and 20 carbon atoms. Halimane is a major diterpene skeleton type. Halimane-type diterpenes are a group of bicyclic diterpenoid compounds with decalin as the core structure. Many compounds in this category have good biological activities, such as Forsythiaside A and 14-Deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide. They have good anti-tumor and anti-cancer activities. This article summarizes the main plant sources and biological activities of halimane-type diterpenes based on literature reports at home and abroad, providing a reference direction for the in-depth development of plant resources containing halimane-type diterpenes and their resistance research and development.
Keywords: Halimane-type; diterpenes; pharmacological activity; structure.
The study of diterpenoid compounds began in 1824 when chemists isolated the first diterpenoid compound, resin acid, from gymnosperms. After more than 100 years of development, the planar structure of the first diterpenoid compound was obtained in 1953. In 1971, the first diterpenoid compound with anti-tumor activity, paclitaxel, was discovered. With the development and application of modern, more efficient separation and analysis methods, more than 100 diterpene skeletons and tens of thousands of diterpenoid compounds have been isolated and identified. Halimane-type diterpenes are a group of bicyclic diterpenoid compounds with decalin as the core structure. Many compounds in this category have good biological activities, such as Forsythiaside A and 14-Deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide.
Halimane-type diterpenoid compounds are widely found in nature, such as in plants of the families Lamiaceae, Rosaceae, Zingiberaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Verbenaceae, and Taxaceae. Many compounds have good biological activities, such as antioxidant, vasodilation, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, and therapeutic effects on diabetes and its complications. In recent years, it has been found that halimane-type diterpenes obtained by fungal transformation also have the activity of killing Schistosoma. Literature reports have been made on this [1]. This article will summarize the research progress of halimane-type diterpenes from the aspects of structural types, plant sources, and biological activities in the past decade, providing a reference for systematically studying the structure of halimane-type diterpenoid compounds, and for new drug discovery and drug design based on halimane-type diterpenoid compounds.
- Study of chemical structure: Halimane-type diterpenes are a group of bicyclic diterpenoid compounds with decalin as the core structure. The basic skeleton structure of halimane-type diterpenes is shown in Figure 1. The A/B ring of the halimane-type diterpene core is cis-fused, and the A and B rings are in a boat conformation. According to the way the C-9 side chain is cyclized, they can be divided into four types: chain-like, furan-type, monohelical, and dihelical [2]. Halimane is derived from the cyclization of geranylgeranyl diphosphate. Halimane is widely distributed, and many oxygen-containing derivatives of diterpenoids have various biological activities, such as paclitaxel and Forsythiaside A. In recent years, some new halimane-type diterpenes have been isolated from different plants.
1.1半日花烷型二萜
高盼盼等 3从马鞭草科紫珠属植物杜虹花（Callicarpa formosana Rolfe）中分离得到2个新的半日花烷型二萜，分别为13E-6β-hydroxylabda-8(17),13-dien-15-oic acid 和 13E-7α-hydroxylabda-8(17),13-dien-15-oic acid。Kang, H.等4从菊科甜菊属植物甜叶菊(Stevia rebaudiana)叶子的乙醇提取物中分离得到一个新的半日花烷型二萜，命名为6-O-acetyl-(12R)-epiblumdane。Jeong, S. Y.等5从松树(Pinus eldarica)针叶的甲醇提取物中分离得到三种半日花烷型二萜，包括一个新的相对特殊的带有过氧化氢基团的半日花烷型二萜eldaricoxide A和两个一直结构的半日花烷型二萜(+)-manoyl oxide和manoyl oxide acid。Guo, X.等6从马鞭草科紫珠属植物裸花紫珠(Callicarpa nudiflora)中分离得到两种新的半日花烷型二萜nudiflopene N和nudiflopene O ，以及两种已知结构的半日花烷型二萜nudiflopene H和latisilinoid。占丽丽等7同样从该植物中分离得到一个新的半日花烷型二萜callicapene M6。Wang, Z. H.8等从该属植物大叶紫珠(Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl)中也分离得到了三种新的半日花烷型二萜 callicapene M3-M5 。Ding, L. F.等9从爵床科枪刀药属植物枪刀药(Hypoestes purpurea)中分离得到六种新的半日花烷型二萜，即hypopurolides A–G。Chen, Y. Y.等10通过对大戟科大戟属的植物大戟(Euphorbia pekinensis Rupr.)的根部进行研究，分离出五种新的半日花烷型二萜，(4S, 5S, 9R, 10S, 13R)-18-O-galloyl-labda-8(17), 14(15)-dien-13-ol; (4S, 5S, 9R, 10S, 13R)-13-hydroxy-labda-8(17), 14(15)-dien-18-one; (4S, 5S, 9R, 10S, 13R)-18-O-acetyl-labda-8(17), 14(15)-dien-13-ol; (4S, 5S, 9R, 10S)-labda-8(17), 13(16), 14(15)-trien-18-ol; (5R, 6R, 9R, 10S, 13R)-labda-8(17), 14(15)-dien-6,13-diol。
1.1 Halimane-type diterpenes
Gao, P. P. et al.3 isolated two new halimane-type diterpenes, 13E-6β-hydroxylabda-8(17),13-dien-15-oic acid and 13E-7α-hydroxylabda-8(17),13-dien-15-oic acid, from the plant Callicarpa formosana Rolfe of the Verbenaceae family. Kang, H. et al.4 isolated a new halimane-type diterpene, 6-O-acetyl-(12R)-epiblumdane, from the ethanolic extract of Stevia rebaudiana, a plant of the Asteraceae family. Jeong, S. Y. et al.5 isolated three halimane-type diterpenes, including a new one with a peroxide group, eldaricoxide A, and two known ones, (+)-manoyl oxide and manoyl oxide acid, from the methanol extract of Pinus eldarica needles. Guo, X. et al.6 isolated two new halimane-type diterpenes, nudiflopene N and nudiflopene O, and two known ones, nudiflopene H and latisilinoid, from Callicarpa nudiflora of the Verbenaceae family. Zhan, L. L. et al.7 also isolated a new halimane-type diterpene, callicapene M6, from this plant. Wang, Z. H.8 isolated three new halimane-type diterpenes, callicapene M3-M5, from Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl. Ding, L. F. et al.9 isolated six new halimane-type diterpenes, hypopurolides A-G, from Hypoestes purpurea of the Acanthaceae family. Chen, Y. Y. et al.10 isolated five new halimane-type diterpenes, (4S, 5S, 9R, 10S, 13R)-18-O-galloyl-labda-8(17), 14(15)-dien-13-ol; (4S, 5S, 9R, 10S, 13R)-13-hydroxy-labda-8(17), 14(15)-dien-18-one; (4S, 5S, 9R, 10S, 13R)-18-O-acetyl-labda-8(17), 14(15)-dien-13-ol; (4S, 5S, 9R, 10S)-labda-8(17), 13(16), 14(15)-trien-18-ol; (5R, 6R, 9R, 10S, 13R)-labda-8(17), 14(15)-dien-6,13-diol, from the roots of Euphorbia pekinensis Rupr. of the Euphorbiaceae family.
Cunlanceloic acids A–D为Wu, X. D.11等人在杉科杉木属植物杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)中分离得到的四种新的半日花烷型二萜二聚体，其中Cunlanceloic acid A具有一种新的通过C-16/C-16'键连接的二聚半日花烷骨架，cunlanceloic acids B-D，其新的碳骨架通过两个半日花烷单元之间的C12/C-13'和C-15/C-16'键连接。Subramanyan, S.等12从姜科姜花属植物姜花(Hedychium flavescens Carey ex Roscoe)中分离得到coronarin E、C-14 epimers of isocoronarin D、C-15 epimers of coronarin D methyl ether和 isocoronarin D 四种半日花烷型二萜。Chen, L. C. 等13同样从该属植物Hedychium coronarium中分离得到一种新的半日花烷型二萜hedychiumin 。Soumya, T.等14从印度西高止山脉上的特有植物Curcuma mutabilis根茎的石油醚提取物中分离到一种新的半日花烷型二萜(E)-14,15-epoxylabda8(17),12-dien-16-al (Cm epoxide)。Song, Z. J.等15从菊科艾纳香属植物馥芳艾纳香(Blumea aromatica)中分离得到7种新的半日花烷型二萜，Aromatin D-J，并通过ECD光谱以及X射线晶体学分析，确定了这些化合物的绝对构型。Singamaneni, V.16等从姜科象牙参属植物象牙参(Roscoea purpurea)中分离得到两种新的半日花烷型二萜Coronarin K和Coronarin L。Sichaem, J.等17从马鞭草科牡荆属植物黄荆(Vitex negundo L)的叶子中分离得到一种新的半日花烷型二萜，并命名为 vitexnegundin。Salamone, S.等18从杜松浆果中分离得到一种新的半日花烷型二萜Agathadiol。Qi, J. J.等19从大戟科巴豆属植物近琴状巴豆(Croton sublyratus)中分离得到十五种新的半日花烷型二萜sublyratins A–O。该种植物在泰国被命名为 "plau-noi"，在泰国的草药中被用作抗蠕虫和皮肤病的药剂。Pompimon, W. 等20也从该属植物Croton decalvatus Esser的叶子和枝干中分离得到crotondecalvatin A 和 crotondecalvatin B两种新的半日花烷型二萜。Nguyen, L. T. T.等21从唇形科益母草属植物益母草(Leonurus japonicus)中分离得到三种新的半日花烷型二萜15,16-epoxy-13,15-dihydroxylabd-8-ene-7-one，15,16-epoxy-13-hydroxy-15-methoxylabd-8-ene-7-one，和15-hydroxyleoheteronin B。Jiang, M. H.等22也从该植物中分离到一种新的半日花烷型二萜. (13S)-9α,13α:15,16-Diepoxy-6β,15-dihydroxylabdan-7-one。Hu, Y. M.23等同样在该种植物的地上部分中分离得到两种新的半日花烷型二萜Leojaponin E和Leojaponin F。Zhao, M.等24金粟兰科金粟兰属植物及己(Chloranthus serratus)中分离得到一种新的半日花烷型二萜和一种已知结构的半日花烷型二萜agathic acid。Zhang, C. Y.等25从玄参科野甘草属植物冰糖草(Scoparia dulcis)中分离得到一种新的半日花烷型二萜Scoparic acid E。Ji, K. L.等26从姜科豆蔻属植物九翅豆蔻(Amomum maximum)中分离得到四种新的具有不同碳骨架的半日花烷型二萜maximumins A–D。Luo, J. G. 等27同样从该植物中分离得到两种新的半日花烷型二萜 (E)-3-hydroxylabda-8(17),12-dien-16,15和(E)-14-hydroxy-3-oxolabda-8(17),12-dien-16 。Alilou, M.等28从伊朗南部特有植物Otostegia persica 中分离得到三种新的具有螺线骨架的半日花烷型二萜 (2ʹ’S,3R,4a’’S,5R,5ʹR,6ʹ’R,8a’’S)-6ʹ’-hydroxy-5-methoxy-2ʹ’,5ʹ’,5ʹ’,8a’’-tetramethyldecahydro-2H,2ʹ’H-dispiro[furan-3,2ʹ-furan-5ʹ,1ʹ’-naphthalen]-3ʹ’(4ʹ’H)-one、(2ʹ’S,3R,4ʹ’S,4a’’S,5R,5ʹR,6ʹ’R,8a’’S)-4ʹ’,6ʹ’-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-2ʹ’,5ʹ’,5ʹ’,8a’’-tramethyldecahydro-2H,2ʹ’H-dispiro[furan-3,2ʹ-furan-5ʹ,1ʹ’-naphthalen]-3ʹ’(4ʹ’H)-one、 (2ʹ’S,3S,4a’’S,5R,5ʹR,6ʹ’R, 8a’’S)-6ʹ’-hydroxy-5-methoxy-2ʹ’,5ʹ’,5ʹ’,8a’’-tetramethyldecahydro-2H,2ʹ’H-dispiro[furan-3,2ʹfuran-5ʹ,1ʹ’-naphthalene]-2,3ʹ’(4ʹ’H)-dione。Yang, Z. F.等29从鸡毛松的树枝中分离得到一种新的12,17环的半日花烷型二萜化合物podoimbricatin C，是报道过的具有12,17环半日花烷型二萜的第二个化合物。Ban, N. K.等30从Vitex limonifolia中分离得到三种新的半日花烷型二萜vitexlimolides A-C。彭梦洁等31从姜科姜花属植物长瓣裂姜花中分离得到7 个半日花烷型二萜，分别鉴定为：姜花酮、coronarin A 、villosin、圆瓣姜花素A、16-hydroxylabda-8(17),11,13-trien-15 (16) -olide(20)、labda-8( 17),13( 14) -dien-15( 16) -olide(21)、labda-8( 17),13( 14) -dien-16( 15) -olide(22)。所有化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到。Zhao, M.32等从唇形科斜萼草属植物斜萼草( Loxocalyx urticifolius )中分离得到三种新的半日花烷型二萜loxocalyxin D，loxocalyxin E和13-epiloxocalyxin E 。Win, N. N.等33从植物Curcuma amada 的块茎中分离得到四种新的半日花烷型二萜12β-hydroxy-15-norlabda-8(17),13(14)-dien-16-oic acid，(E)-15-ethoxy-15-methoxylabda-8(17),12-dien-16-al，(E)-15α-ethoxy-14α-hydroxylabda-8(17),12-dien-16-olide和15-ethoxy-12β-hydroxylabda-8(17),13(14)-dien-16,15-olide。Chang, C. I.等34从台湾杉木的木材中分离得到两种新的半日花烷型二萜 (12S,13S)-12,13-epoxy-8(17),14-labdadien-18-ol和(12S,13S)-12,13-epoxy-8(17),14-labdadien-19-oic acid。
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